Isms of أَفْعَلُ form originated from verb are called اِسْمُ التَّفْضِيْلِ. Example-أَكْبَرُ، أَحْسَنُ، أَطْوَلُ، etc. These isms are used for comparison. Example,
|
Belal is better than Hamid |
بِلَالٌ أَحْسَنُ مِنْ حَامِدٍ |
Who is compared is called مُفَضَّلٌ and with whom is compared is called مُفَضَّلٌ عَلَيْهِ
For example, in the above sentence Belal is مُفَضَّلٌ and Hamid is مُفَضَّلٌ عَلَيْهِ
For comparison between two مِنْ is used afterاِسْمُ التَّفْضِيْلِ and this does not change regarding gender and number.
|
Belal is better than Hamid |
بِلَالٌ أَحْسَنُ مِنْ حَامِدٍ |
|
Belal is a better student than Hamid. |
بِلَالٌ أَحْسَنُ طَالِبٍ مِنْ حَامِدٍ |
|
Aisha is a better student than Amina. |
عَائِشَةُ أَحْسَنُ طَالِبَةٍ مِنْ آمِنَةَ |
|
They are better students than you. |
هُمْ أَفْضَلُ طُلَّابٍ مِنْكُمْ |
Special: For “Masder” originated from three letter verb or for word of أَفْعَلُ / فَعْلَاءُ pattern,أَكْثَرُ / أَشَدٌّ / أَعْظَمُ is added before Masder of those. Then the ism next to it will be mansub. Example,
|
أَشَدُّ إِيْمَانًا |
إِيْمَانٌ |
|
Much belief |
Belief |
|
أَكْثَرُ بَيَاضًا |
أَبْيَضُ/بَيْضَاءُ |
|
Much white |
White |
Comparing to all can be done in two ways:
-
By adding ال where مُفَضَّلٌ عَلَيْهِ is not mentioned. These change with gender and number. Its forms regarding gender and number are as follows:
|
Broken Plural |
Well-formed Plural |
Dual |
Singular |
|
|
أفَاعِلُ |
أَفْعَلُوْنَ |
أَفْعَلَانِ |
أَفْعَلُ |
Male |
|
فُعَلٌ |
فُعْلَيَاتٌ |
فُعْلَيَانِ |
فُعْلَى |
Female |
Some of its examples are as follows,
|
Allah is the greatest of all |
اللهُ أكْبَرُ |
|
The largest room is comfortable |
البَيْتُ الأكْبَرُ مُرِيْحٌ |
|
The largest room is beautiful |
الدَّارُ الكُبْرَى جَمِيْلَةٌ |
|
The biggest martyr |
الشَّهِيدُ الْأكْبَرُ |
|
The two great martyrs |
الشَّهِيْدَانِ الأَكْبَارَانِ |
|
The greatest martyrs |
الشُّهَدَاءُ الأَكَابِرُ/الأَكْبَرُوْنَ |
|
The largest garden |
الْحَدِيْقَةُ الكُبْرَى |
|
The biggest two gardens |
الْحَدِيْقَتَانِ الْكُبْرَيَانِ |
|
The biggest gardens |
الْحَدِيْقَاتُ الْكُبْرَيَاتُ/الْكُبَرُ |
2. By adding mudaf ilaihi. If mudaf ilaihi is indefiniteاِسْمُ التَّفْضِيْلِ is masculine and singular.
|
Aliya is the brightest student. |
عَالِيَةُ أَحْسَنُ طَالِبَةٍ |
|
Bilal is the most meritorious student of the class. |
بِلَالٌ أَحْسَنُ طَالِبٍ فِي الْفَصْلِ |
|
Salman’s house is the biggest. |
بَيْتُ سَلْمَانَ أَكْبَرُ بَيْتٍ |
|
Arabic is the easiest language of the world. |
الْلُغَةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ أَسْهَلُ لُغَةٍ فِي الْعَالَمِ |
|
The greatest zihad is talking justly in front of a corrupt ruler. |
أَفْضَلُ الْجِهَادِ كَلِمَةُ عَدْلٍ عِنْدَ سُلْطَانٍ جَائِرٍ |
|
These young men are the tallest haji. |
هٰؤُلَاءِ الفِتيَةُ أَطْوَلُ حُجَّاجٍ |
|
My lord came to me in best form. |
أَتَانِي رَبِّي فِي أَحْسَنِ صُورَةٍ |
If it is definite it may or may not be according to gender and number of مُفَضَّلٌ .
|
Mecca and Medina are more dignified than all the cities |
الْمَكَّةُ وَالْمَدِيْنَةُ أَفْضَلُ الْمُدُنِ |
|
Mecca and Medina are more dignified than all the cities |
الْمَكَّةُ وَالْمَدِيْنَةُ أَفْضَلا الْمُدُنِ |
|
Khadiza is more dignified than all women |
خَدِيجَةُ أَفْضَلُ النِّسَاءِ |
|
Khadiza is more dignified than all women |
خَدِيجَةُ فُضْلَى النِّسَاءِ |
Quranic example
|
for persecution is more serious than killing 2:191 |
وَالْفِتْنَةُ أَكْبَرُ مِنَ الْقَتْلِ |
|
And We are nearer to him than his jugular vein (by Our Knowledge). 50:16 |
وَنَحْنُ أَقْرَبُ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ حَبْلِ الْوَرِيدِ |
|
And who can baptize better than Allah? 2:138 |
وَمَنْ أَحْسَنُ مِنَ اللَّهِ صِبْغَةً |
|
Certainly your promise is true and you are the most prudent judge. |
وَإِنَّ وَعْدَكَ الْحَقُّ وَأَنتَ أَحْكَمُ الْحَاكِمِينَ |
|
He is the most merciful |
وَهُوَ أَرْحَمُ الرَّاحِمِينَ |
|
Is not Allah the best judge among all judges? |
أَلَيْسَ اللَّهُ بِأَحْكَمِ الْحَاكِمِينَ |
|
He is very swift in taking account. |
وَهُوَ أَسْرَعُ الْحَاسِبِينَ |
|
He invokes him whose harm is indeed nearer than his proft. 22:13 |
يَدْعُو لَمَن ضَرُّهُ أَقْرَبُ مِن نَّفْعِهِ ۚ |
|
and You are the greatest of all judges. 11:45 |
وَأَنتَ أَحْكَمُ الْحَاكِمِينَ |
|
am greater than you in wealth and superior in manpower. 18:34 |
أَنَا أَكْثَرُ مِنكَ مَالًا وَأَعَزُّ نَفَرًا |
Besides though خَيْرٌ (good) and شَرٌّ (bad) these two words are not of the form of أَفْعَلُ these are used for comparison. Example,
|
Shab-e-Qadr is better than a thousand months. |
لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِّنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ |
|
Zaid is worse than Bakar |
زَيْدٌ شَرٌّ مِنْ بَكْرٍ |
|
Zaid is the worst person |
زَيْدٌ شَرٌّ النَّاسِ |
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