Rules of plural-
Plurals are 2 types in Arabic- 1. جَمْعُ السَّالِمِ well formed plural 2. ِجَمْعُ التَّكْسِير broken plural.
Well-formed plural are two types:
١ . جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمُ
٢. جَمْعُ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمُ
In the case of جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمُ if ism is in مَرْفُوْعٌ then وْنَ is added at the end.
And for مَنْصُوْبٌ and مَجْرُوْرٌ, يْنَ is added at the end to form plural. Without some exception, generally well-formed plural is formed in case of personal. Masculine well-formed plural is not occurred in case of object.
|
الْجَمْعُ |
الْمُفْرَدُ |
case |
|
هُمْ مُسْلِمُوْنَ they are Muslim |
هُوَ مُسْلِمٌ he is a Muslim |
مَرْفُوْعٌ |
|
رَأَيْتُ مُسْلِمِيْنَ I saw muslims |
رَأَيْتُ مُسْلِمًا I saw a muslim |
مَنْصُوْبٌ |
|
هٰذَا لِمُهَنْدِسِيْنَ this is for engineers |
هٰذَا لِمُهَنْدِسٍ this is for an engineer |
مَجْرُوْرٌ |
[Note- if there is ا، اء، ى at the end of the word, the rule is little bit different.
In the case of الجَمْعُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ السَّالِمُ if ism is at مَرْفُوْعٌ state, then at end اتٌ is added and for مَنْصُوْبٌ and مَجْرُوْرٌ , اتٍ is added at the end to make it plural. If there is ة at the end of feminine word, this kind of plural occurs.
|
الْجَمْعُ |
الْمُفْرَدُ |
State |
|
هُنَّ مُسْلِمَاتٌ they are Muslimah |
هِيَ مُسْلِمَةٌ she is a Muslimah |
مَرْفُوْعٌ |
|
رَأَيْتُ مُسْلِمَاتٍ I saw muslimah |
رَأَيْتُ مُسْلِمَةً I saw a muslimah |
مَنْصُوْبٌ |
|
هٰذَا لِمُهَنْدِسَاتٍ this is for female engineers |
هٰذَا لِمُهَنْدِسَةٍ this is for a female engineer |
مَجْرُوْرٌ |
with totally different words-
|
|
الْجَمْعُ |
الْمُفْرَدُ |
|
woman |
نِسَاءٌ |
إمْرَأةٌ |
If plural is mudaf, then ن is dropped
|
Where are the madrasa teachers? |
أَيْنَ مُدَرِّسُو الْمَدْرَسَةِ؟ |
مُدَرِّسُونَ |
|
I saw the madrasa’s teachers |
رَأَيْتُ مُدَرِّسِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ |
مُدَرِّسِيْنَ |
|
This is for madrasa teachers. |
هٰذَا لِمُدَرِّسِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ |
مُدَرِّسِيْنَ |
جَمْعُ تَكْسِيرٍ broken plural: Here the main word is broken and this has different patterns-
|
Meaning |
الْجَمْعُ |
الْمُفْرَدُ |
Structure |
Meaning |
الْجَمْعُ |
الْمُفْرَدُ |
Structure |
|
Family |
أُسَرٌ |
أسْرَةٌ |
فُعَلٌ |
New |
جُدُدٌ |
جَدِيْدٌ |
فُعُلٌ |
|
Room |
غُرَفٌ |
غُرْفَةٌ |
Book |
كُتُبٌ |
كِتَابٌ |
||
|
Sentence |
جُمَلٌ |
جُمْلَةٌ |
Messenger |
رُسُلٌ |
رَسُوْلٌ |
||
|
Question |
أَسْئِلَةٌ |
سُؤَالٌ |
أَفْعِلَةٌ
|
City |
مُدُنٌ |
مَدِيْنَةٌ |
|
|
Answer |
أَجْوِبَةٌ |
جَوَابٌ |
Boat |
سُفُنٌ |
سَفِيْنَةٌ |
||
|
Boy |
أولَادٌ |
وَلَدٌ |
أَفْعَالٌ |
lesson |
دُرُوْسٌ |
دَرْسٌ |
فُعُوْلٌ |
|
Son |
أبْنَاءٌ |
اِبْنٌ |
Class room |
فُصُوْلٌ |
فَصْلٌ |
||
|
Uncle |
أعْمَامٌ |
عَمٌّ |
House |
بُيُوْتٌ |
بَيْتٌ |
||
|
Lord |
أَرْبَابٌ |
رَبٌّ |
Work |
أُمُوْرٌ |
أَمْرٌ |
||
|
Soul |
أَرْوَاحٌ |
رُوْحٌ |
Month |
شُهُوْرٌ |
شَهْرٌ |
||
|
Wealth |
أَمْوَالٌ |
مَالٌ |
Eye |
عُيُونٌ |
عَيْنٌ |
||
|
River |
أَنْهَارٌ |
نَهْرٌ |
Sword |
سُيُوفٌ |
سَيْفٌ |
||
|
Companion |
أَزْوَاجٌ |
زَوْجٌ |
Young |
فِتْيَةٌ |
فَتًى |
فِعْلَةٌ
فُعَّالٌ |
|
|
Classmate |
زُمَلَاءُ |
زَمِيْلٌ |
فُعَلَاءُ |
Brother |
إخْوَةٌ |
أخٌ |
|
|
Wise |
حُكَماءُ |
حَكِيْمٌ |
Writer |
كُتَّابٌ |
كَاتِبٌ |
||
|
Unknown |
غُرَباءُ |
غَرِيبٌ |
Reader |
قُرَّاءٌ |
قَارِئٌ |
||
|
Relative |
أَقْرِباءُ |
قَرِيْبٌ |
أَفْعِلَاءُ |
Country |
بِلَادٌ |
بَلَدٌ |
فِعَالٌ |
|
Friend |
أَصْدِقاءُ |
صَدِيقٌ |
Man |
رِجَالٌ |
رَجُلٌ |
||
|
Rich |
أَغْنِيَاءُ |
غَنِيٌ |
Old |
كِبارٌ |
كَبِيْرٌ |
||
|
Prophet |
أَنْبِيَاءٌ |
نَبِيٌّ |
Mountain |
جِبَالٌ |
جَبَلٌ |
||
|
Tongue |
أَلسُنٌ |
لِسَانٌ |
أَفْعُلٌ |
Factory |
مَصَانِعُ |
مَصْنَعٌ |
مَفَاعِلُ |
|
Month |
أَشْهُرٌ |
شَهْرٌ |
School |
مَدَارِسُ |
مَدْرَسَةٌ |
||
|
Leg |
أَرْجُلٌ |
رِجْلٌ |
Office |
مَكَاتِبُ |
مَكْتَبٌ |
||
|
Month |
أَشْهُرٌ |
شَهْرٌ |
|
|
|
||
|
Eye |
أَعْيُنٌ |
عَيْنٌ |
|
|
|
In the case of marfu at end ‘pesh’ and for majrur ‘zer’ and for mansub ‘zabr’ is added, but أَفْعِلَاءُ , فُعَلَاءُ and مَفَاعِلُ , these 3 types are different.They are diptote. That means they take jabr in majrur case too. Example:
|
diptote |
murab |
case |
|
هُمْ غُرَباءُ they are strangers |
هُمْ عُمَّالٌ they are laborers |
مَرْفُوْعٌ |
|
رَأَيْتُ غُرَباءَ I saw strangers. |
رَأَيْتُ عُمَّالًا I saw laborers |
مَنْصُوْبٌ |
|
هٰذَا لِغُرَباءَ this is for strangers |
هٰذَا لِعُمَّالٍ this is for laborers |
مَجْرُوْرٌ |
In case of many broken plurals, the number of letters are reduced
|
plural |
singular |
|
|
بَرَامِجُ |
بَرْنَامَجٌ = program |
|
|
عَنَاكِبُ |
عَنْكَبُوْتٌ = spider |
|
|
عَنَادِلُ |
عَنْدَلِيْبٌ = papia bird |
|
|
مَشَافٍ |
مُسْتَشْفَى = hospital |
|
| نَاسٌ (أُنَاسٌ) | man = إنْسَانٌ | |
In some words, ة is the indicator of singularity, so if ة is dropped it becomes plural. Example,
|
Meaning |
Plural |
Singular |
|
Date |
نَخْلٌ |
نَخْلَةٌ |
|
Stone |
حَجَرٌ |
حَجَرَةٌ |
|
Apple |
تُفَّاحٌ |
تُفَّاحَةٌ |
|
Tree |
شَجَرٌ |
شَجَرَةٌ |
|
Fish |
سَمَكٌ |
سَمَكَةٌ |
|
banana |
مَوْزٌ |
مَوْزَةٌ |
Example from Quran-
|
We deal out such days among people in turn 3:140 |
وَتِلْكَ الْأَيَّامُ نُدَاوِلُهَا بَيْنَ النَّاسِ |
|
And Gardens under which rivers flow |
وَجَنَّاتٌ تَجْرِي مِن تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهَارُ |
|
are sundry lords better or Allah the One, the Supreme? 12:39 |
أَأَرْبَابٌ مُّتَفَرِّقُونَ خَيْرٌ أَمِ اللَّهُ الْوَاحِدُ الْقَهَّارُ |
|
And the mountains as pegs? 78:7 |
وَالْجِبَالَ أَوْتَادًا |
|
And [with] Pharaoh, owner of the stakes? 89:10 |
وَفِرْعَوْنَ ذِي الْأَوْتَادِ |
|
among your wives and your children are (some that are) enemies to yourselves 64:14 |
إِنَّ مِنْ أَزْوَاجِكُمْ وَأَوْلَادِكُمْ عَدُوًّا لَّكُمْ |
|
they have hearts with which they do not comprehend 7:179 |
لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ بِهَا |
|
And the heaven is opened, (and) so has become gates 78:19 |
وَفُتِحَتِ السَّمَاءُ فَكَانَتْ أَبْوَابًا |
|
And We have sent down iron, wherein is strict violence, and (various) advantages for mankind 57:25 |
وَأَنزَلْنَا الْحَدِيدَ فِيهِ بَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ |
|
What! makes he the gods a single Allah? 38:5 |
أَجَعَلَ الْآلِهَةَ إِلَٰهًا وَاحِدًا |
|
and you stayed several years of your life in our care 26:18 |
وَلَبِثْتَ فِينَا مِنْ عُمُرِكَ سِنِينَ |
|
Every nation is rejoicing over their own theory.30:32 |
كُلُّ حِزْبٍ بِمَا لَدَيْهِمْ فَرِحُونَ |
|
Then I created many nations after them 23:31 |
ثُمَّ أَنشَأْنَا مِن بَعْدِهِمْ قُرُونًا آخَرِينَ |
|
And indeed many men do not ponder over my signs. 10:92 |
وَإِنَّ كَثِيرًا مِّنَ النَّاسِ عَنْ آيَاتِنَا لَغَافِلُونَ |
|
They made lie against many messengers before you. 3:184 |
فَقَدْ كُذِّبَ رُسُلٌ مِّن قَبْلِكَ |
|
Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men and believing women, the obedient men and obedient women, the truthful men and truthful women, the patient men and patient women, the humble men and humble women, the charitable men and charitable women, the fasting men and fasting women, the men who guard their private parts and the women who do so, and the men who remember Allah often and the women who do so - for them Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward. 33:35
|
إِنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَالْمُسْلِمَاتِ وَالْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُؤْمِنَاتِ وَالْقَانِتِينَ وَالْقَانِتَاتِ وَالصَّادِقِينَ وَالصَّادِقَاتِ وَالصَّابِرِينَ وَالصَّابِرَاتِ وَالْخَاشِعِينَ وَالْخَاشِعَاتِ وَالْمُتَصَدِّقِينَ وَالْمُتَصَدِّقَاتِ وَالصَّائِمِينَ وَالصَّائِمَاتِ وَالْحَافِظِينَ فُرُوجَهُمْ وَالْحَافِظَاتِ وَالذَّاكِرِينَ اللَّهَ كَثِيرًا وَالذَّاكِرَاتِ أَعَدَّ اللَّهُ لَهُم مَّغْفِرَةً وَأَجْرًا عَظِيمًا |
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