Time and place denoting اِسْمٌ are calledظَرْفٌ . ظَرْفٌ are two types. Place denoting Jarf and time denoting Jarf. ظَرْفٌ are considered as مُضَافٌ . So the word next to it will be majrur as مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ . Example:
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After salat |
بَعْدَ الصَّلَاةِ |
In front of masjid |
أَمَامَ الْمَسْجِدِ |
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Before juhr |
قَبْلَ الظُّهْرِ |
Under the tree |
تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ |
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With Allah |
مَعَ اللهِ |
Beside the house |
بِجَانِبِ الْبَيْتِ |
Let us see some example of jarf.
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ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ Time denoting jarf |
ظَرْفُ الْمَكَانِ Place denoting jarf |
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After |
بَعْدَ |
Here |
هُنَا |
|
Before |
قَبْلَ |
There |
هُنَاكَ |
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In the morning |
صَبَاحًا |
In |
بَيْنَ |
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In the afternoon |
ظُهْرًا |
Near |
قُرْبَ |
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In the noon |
مَسَاءً |
Far |
بَعِيْدًا |
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In the morning |
سَحَرًا |
Near / to |
عِنْدَ/ لَدَى/لَدُنْ |
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In the night |
لَيْلاً |
On |
فَوْقَ |
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Today |
الْيَوْمَ |
Behind |
وَرَاءَ |
|
Tomorrow |
غَدًا |
In front of |
أَمَامَ |
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Yesterday |
أَمْسِ |
Beside |
بِجَانِبِ |
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Now |
الْآَنَ |
Inside |
دَاخِلَ |
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In the morning |
بُكْرَةً |
Outside |
خَارِجَ |
|
Hurry |
فَوْرَا |
In |
وَسَطَ |
|
Soon |
قَرِيْبًا |
Around |
حَوْلَ |
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In the meantime |
سَابِقَا |
Opposite |
مُقَابِلَ |
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Last night |
لَيْلَةُ أَمْسِ |
Right |
يَمِينَ |
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Next week |
الْأُسْبُوْعُ الْمُقْبِلُ |
Left |
يَسَارَ |
|
Day after tomorrow |
بَعْــدَ غَدٍ |
North |
شَمَالَ |
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Day before yesterday |
أوَّلَ أمـْــــسِ |
South |
جُنُوبَ |
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Sometimes |
أَحْيانًا |
East |
شَرْقَ |
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Often |
غَالِبًا |
West |
غَرْبَ |
|
Everyday |
يَوْمِيًّا |
With |
مَعَ |
ظَرْفٌ are generally mansub. But it will be majrur if harf jar comes before it. Example:
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Form Allah |
مِنْ عِنْدِ اللهِ |
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Form his behind |
مِنْ وَرَاءِهِ |
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Next to it |
مِنْ بَعْدِ |
Some ظَرْفٌ are mabni. These are أَيْنَ ,أَمْسِ , حَيْثُ، هُنَا , مَتَى etc.
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From where |
مِنْ حَيْثُ |
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From where? |
مِنْ أَيْنَ |
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Upto when? |
إِلَى مَتَى |
Example from Quran (only to understand jarf and ism after it)
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you were not present with them when they argued [about her]. 3:44 |
وَمَا كُنتَ لَدَيْهِمْ إِذْ يَخْتَصِمُونَ |
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So do not ever call upon any other god besides Allah 26:213 |
فَلَا تَدْعُ مَعَ اللَّهِ إِلَٰهًا آخَرَ |
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we may put them under our feet 41:29 |
نَجْعَلْهُمَا تَحْتَ أَقْدَامِنَا |
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And He is the subjugator over His servants 6:18 |
وَهُوَ الْقَاهِرُ فَوْقَ عِبَادِهِ |
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(the Quran) from the One, All-Wise, All-Knowing 27:6 |
مِن لَّدُنْ حَكِيمٍ عَلِيمٍ |
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punishment on you from above or from under your very feet 6:65 |
عَلَيْكُمْ عَذَابًا مِّن فَوْقِكُمْ أَوْ مِن تَحْتِ أَرْجُلِكُمْ |
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Then We raised you up after your death 2:56 |
ثُمَّ بَعَثْنَاكُم مِّن بَعْدِ مَوْتِكُمْ |
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Rather, they are alive with their Lord, receiving provision, 3:169 |
بَلْ أَحْيَاءٌ عِندَ رَبِّهِمْ يُرْزَقُونَ |
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We make no distinction between any of them 2:136 |
لَا نُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُمْ |
In the above examples, in some cases there are uses of pronoun with jarf. For example, لَدَيْهِمْ (لَدَى+هِمْ), أَقْدَامِنَا (أَقْدَامِ+نَا) , عِبَادِهِ (عِبَادِ+هِ)etc. We will see now these pronouns. Here it is noted that numbers are three types in Arabic. For example, in English you and you (all), but in Arabic, you, you (two) and you (all).
ظَرْفٌ itself is خَبَرٌ . Example: اللَّهُ فَوْقَ العَرْشِ Allah is above the throne – here اللَّهُ is mubtada, فَوْقَ is dharfu khabar.
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ظَرْفٌ خَبَرٌ |
مُبْتَدَأٌ |
|
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الْعَرْشِ |
فَوْقَ |
اللهُ |
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مُضَافٌ إلَيْهِ |
مُضَافٌ |
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example-
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مُبْتَدَأٌ |
ظَرْفٌ خَبَرٌ |
ظَرْفٌ خَبَرٌ |
مُبْتَدَأٌ |
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حَقِيْبَةٌ |
تَحْتَ الْمَكْتَبِ |
تَحْتَ الْمَكْتَبِ |
الْحَقِيْبَةُ |
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there is a bag under the table |
the bag is under the table |
||
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رَجُلٌ |
فَوْقَ السَّقْفِ |
فَوْقَ السَّقْفِ |
الرَّجُلُ |
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there is a man on the roof |
the man is on the roof |
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بَيْتٌ |
خَلْفَ الْمَسْجِدِ |
خَلْفَ الْمَسْجِدِ |
البَيتُ |
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there is a house behind the mosque |
the house is behind the mosque |
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أَمَامَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ نَهْرٌ |
النَّهْرُ أَمَامَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ |
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there is a river in front of the school |
the river is in front of the school |
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note- as مُبْتَدَأٌ is indefinite ظَرْفٌ خَبَرٌ has come after it.
Let us see some more examples of خَبَرٌ ظَرْفٌ
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بَيْتُنَا قُرْبَ السُّوْقِ |
our house is near the market |
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بِجَانِبِ الْمَسْجِدِ عَيْنٌ |
there is a well beside the mosque |
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الْجَوُّ حَارٌّ اليَوْمَ |
It is hot weather today |
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خَارِجَ الْغُرْفَةِ رَجُلٌ |
there is a man outside the room |
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حَوْلَ الْمَلْعَبِ حَدِيْقَةٌ |
there is garden around the field |
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أَيْنَ أَنْتَ الْآنَ؟ |
where are you now? |
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مَكْتَبَتِيْ مُقَابِلَ الْمَسْجِدِ |
my office is opposite to the mosque |
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أَنَا أَذْهَبُ إِلَى الْمَدْرَسَةِ يَوْمِيًّا |
I go to school everyday |
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نَحْنُ نَذْهَبُ بَعْدَ غَدٍ |
we shall go day after tomorrow |
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