A pronoun is two types, one type remains attached to the verb or noun and another type can stand alone without attachment to any word. Pronouns are always definite.
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independent pronoun ضَمِيْرٌ مُنْفَصِلٌ |
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plural |
dual |
singular |
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هُمْ |
هُمَا |
هُوَ |
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الغَائِبُ 3rd person |
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they all |
they two |
he |
male |
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هُنَّ |
هُمَا |
هِيَ |
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they all |
they two |
she |
female |
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أَنْتُمْ |
أَنْتُمَا |
أَنْتَ |
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الْمُخَاطَبُ 2nd person |
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you all |
you two |
you |
male |
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أَنْتُنَّ |
أَنْتُمَا |
أَنْتِ |
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you all |
you two |
you |
female |
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نَحْنُ |
نَحْنُ |
أَنَا |
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الْمُتَكَلِّمُ 1st person |
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we all |
we both |
I |
both |
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attached pronoun ضَمِيْرٌ مُتَّصِلٌ |
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plural |
dual |
singular |
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هُمْ |
هُمَا |
هُ |
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الغَائِبُ 3rd person |
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them/their all |
their /them two |
his/him |
male |
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هُنَّ |
هُمَا |
هَا |
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them/their all |
their /them two |
her |
female |
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كُمْ |
كُمَا |
كَ |
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الْمُخَاطَبُ 2nd person |
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you/your all |
you/your two |
you/your |
male |
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كُنَّ |
كُمَا |
كِ |
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you/your all |
you/your two |
you/your |
female |
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نَا |
نَا |
ي |
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الْمُتَكَلِّمُ 1st person |
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us/our all |
us/our two |
mine/me |
both |
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note-
- Same pronoun is used to mean ‘Our’ (2 or more than 2).
- Normally independent pronoun remain in ‘marfu’ state and attached pronoun are in ‘majrur’ or ‘mansub’ state.
- ي is called ‘ya mutakallim’.
uses of pronoun attached to ism-
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بَيْتُهُمْ |
بَيْتُهُمَا |
بَيْتُهُ |
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their house>2 |
their house-2 |
his house |
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بَيْتُهُنَّ |
بَيْتُهُمَا |
بَيْتُهَا |
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their house>2 |
their house-2 |
her house |
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بَيْتُكُمْ |
بَيْتُكُمَا |
بَيْتُكَ |
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your house>2 |
your house-2 |
your(male) house |
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بَيْتُكُنَّ |
بَيْتُكُمَا |
بَيْتُكِ |
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your house>2 |
your house-2 |
your(female) house |
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بَيتُنَا |
بَيتُنَا |
بَيْتِي* |
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our house>2 |
our house-2 |
my house |
- If jer/jabr/pesh comes before ya mutakallim then it becomes sakin and there will be jer in the letter before it.
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My pen |
قَلَمُ+ي = قَلَمِيْ |
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To my pen |
قَلَمَ+ي = قَلَمِيْ |
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Of my pen |
قَلَمِ+ي = قَلَمِيْ |
uses of pronoun attached to verb-
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رَأَيْتُهُمْ |
رَأَيْتُهُمَا |
رَأَيْتُهُ |
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I saw them>2 |
I saw them-2 |
I saw him |
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رَأَيْتُهُنَّ |
رَأَيْتُهُمَا |
رَأَيْتُهَا |
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I saw them>2 |
I saw them-2 |
I saw her |
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رَأَيْتُكُمْ |
رَأَيْتُكُمَا |
رَأَيْتُكَ |
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I saw you>2 |
I saw you-2 |
I saw you(male) |
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رَأَيْتُكُنَّ |
رَأَيْتُكُمَا |
رَأَيْتُكِ |
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I saw you>2 |
I saw you-2 |
I saw you(female) |
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رَأَيْتَنَا |
رَأَيْتَنَا |
رَأَيْتَنِي* |
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you saw us>2 |
you saw us-2 |
you saw me |
* If ya mutakallim as added with verb then a نِ comes before it and it becomes نِيْ as for example رَأَيْتَنِيْ
Sometimes the يْ of نِيْ also get dropped.
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Who created me, and it is He Who guides me 26:78 |
الَّذِي خَلَقَنِي فَهُوَ يَهْدِينِ |
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To you be your religion, and to me my religion 109:6 |
لَكُمْ دِينُكُمْ وَلِيَ دِينِ |
Some examples of pronoun attached to harf jar:
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فِيْهِمْ |
فِيهِمَا |
فِيْهِ |
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مِنْهُمْ |
مِنهُمَا |
مِنْهُ* |
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فِيْهِنَّ |
فِيهِمَا |
فِيْهَا |
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مِنْهُنَّ |
مِنهُمَا |
مِنْهَا |
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فِيْكُمْ |
فِيكُمَا |
فِيْكَ |
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مِنْكُمْ |
مِنْكُمَا |
مِنْكَ |
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فِيْكُنَّ |
فِيكُمَا |
فِيْكِ |
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مِنْكُنَّ |
مِنْكُمَا |
مِنْكِ |
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فِيْنَا |
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فِيَّ |
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مِنَّا |
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مِنِّيْ |
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لَهُمْ |
لَهُمَا |
لَهُ |
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عَلَيهِمْ |
عَلَيهِمَا |
عَلَيْهِ |
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لَهُنَّ |
لَهُمَا |
لَهَا |
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عَلَيهِنَّ |
عَلَيهِمَا |
عَلَيْهَا |
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لَكُم |
لَكُمَا |
لَكَ |
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عَلَيكُمْ |
عَلَيكُمَا |
عَلَيْكَ |
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لَكُنَّ |
لَكُمَا |
لَكِ |
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عَلَيكُنَّ |
عَلَيكُمَا |
عَلَيْكِ |
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لَنَا |
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لِيْ |
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عَلَيْنَا |
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عَلَيَّ |
* Note: Pronouns are mabni. As we have seen in the above examples, they have not been changed as mudaf ilaihi (بَيْتُهُ ( or after harf jar in majrur state (مِنْهُ) or as object of verb in mansub state (رَأَيْتُهُ(. But,
· If jer or ي comes before these four pronouns هُ هُمَا هُمْ هُنَّ , first word take jer, for example, بِهِ، فِيْهِ، عَلَيْهِمْ ، إلَيْهِمْ، بِهِمْ، فِيْهِنَّ etc. [exception, sura 48-10] عَاهَدَ عَلَيْهُ اللَّهَ
- لِ+هُ=لَهُ etc.for the convenience of pronunciation.
· If any letter is added after ى that becomes ي . Example- عَلَى+ كَ = عَلَيكَ
· If ى or ا comes before “ya mutakallim”, jabr is placed on it. Example: عَلَى+يْ = عَلَيْيَ = عَلَيَّ
Example from Quran (Only to understand the use of ضَمِيْرٌ )
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Say, "He is Allah, The Only One, 112:1 |
قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ |
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When they sat by it (fire) 85:6 |
إِذْ هُمْ عَلَيْهَا قُعُودٌ |
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and spend out of what We have provided them 2:3 |
وَمِمَّا رَزَقْنَاهُمْ يُنفِقُونَ |
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Lord to clarify for us what type 2:68 |
يُبَيِّن لَّنَا مَا هِيَ |
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O humanity! Worship your Lord, Who created you and those before you, so that you may become mindful ˹of Him˺.2:21 |
يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اعْبُدُوا رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ وَالَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ |
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And We said, “O ’Ādam, dwell, you and your wife, in Paradise 2:35 |
وَقُلْنَا يَا آدَمُ اسْكُنْ أَنتَ وَزَوْجُكَ الْجَنَّةَ |
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And with fear (in his heart) 80:9 |
وَهُوَ يَخْشَىٰ |
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Therein (gardens) will be fair (wives/ maidens) good and beautiful 55:70 |
فِيهِنَّ خَيْرَاتٌ حِسَانٌ |
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Have We not expanded your breast for you 94:1 |
أَلَمْ نَشْرَحْ لَكَ صَدْرَكَ |
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And ˹remember˺ when the angels said, “O Mary! Surely Allah has selected you, purified you, and chosen you over all women of the world. 3:42 |
وَإِذْ قَالَتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ يَا مَرْيَمُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ اصْطَفَاكِ وَطَهَّرَكِ وَاصْطَفَاكِ عَلَىٰ نِسَاءِ الْعَالَمِينَ |
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they say, "Surely we are only peace-makers /doers of righteousness. 2:11 |
قَالُوا إِنَّمَا نَحْنُ مُصْلِحُونَ |
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nor will I worship those whom you have worshipped 109:4 |
وَلَا أَنَا عَابِدٌ مَّا عَبَدتُّمْ |
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