In Arabic Preposition is called  حَرْفُ جَرٍّ. These take place before اِسْمٌ  and make it  مَجْرُوْرٌ . Example: الْبَيْتُ  the house, but it becomes فِي الْبَيْتِ if harf jar   فِي  sits before it.

 

 فِي الْبَيْتِ

البَيْتُ

In the house

The house

 

Some frequently used   حَرْفُ جَرٍّare:

Upon Muhammad

عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ

عَلَى

up

Fom devil 

مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ

مِنْ

form

To masjid

إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ

إِلَى

to

With Allah’s name

بِسْمِ اللهِ

بِ

with / by

For Allah

لِلَّهِ

لِ

for

Like straw

كَعَصْفٍ

كَ

like

Oath by Allah’s name

وَاللهِ

وَ

For oath

Oath by Allah’s name

تَاللهِ

تَ

For oath

Upto rise

حَتَّى مَطْلَعٍ

حَتَّى

to

From Abbas

عَنْ عَبَّاسٍ

عَنْ

From/ about

Without Zayed

حَاشَ زَيْدٍ

خَلَا/حَاشَ

without

From morning

مُنْذُ الصَّبَاحِ

مُنْذُ/مُذْ

(specific time) from

 

Example from Al Quran (Give attention only on the bold part(s))

Who whispers [evil] into the breasts of mankind  

الَّذِي يُوَسْوِسُ فِي صُدُورِ النَّاسِ

And from the evil of the blowers in knots

وَمِن شَرِّ النَّفَّاثَاتِ فِي الْعُقَدِ

So he will be in a pleasant life

فَهُوَ فِي عِيشَةٍ رَّاضِيَةٍ

which rages over the hearts.

الَّتِي تَطَّلِعُ عَلَى الْأَفْئِدَةِ

From among the jinn and mankind

مِنَ الْجِنَّةِ وَالنَّاسِ

From the evil of what He has created,

مِن شَرِّ مَا خَلَقَ

A Messenger from Allah, reciting purified scriptures

رَسُولٌ مِّنَ اللَّهِ يَتْلُو صُحُفًا مُّطَهَّرَةً

In the Name of Allah—the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful.

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ

And He made them like eaten straw.

فَجَعَلَهُمْ كَعَصْفٍ مَّأْكُولٍ

It is all peace until the break of dawn.

سَلَامٌ هِيَ حَتَّىٰ مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ

I swear by the fig and the olive

وَالتِّينِ وَالزَّيْتُونِ

They said: "By Allah, you certainly know that we did not come to act corruptly in this land 73-83

قَالُوا تَاللَّهِ لَقَدْ عَلِمْتُم مَّا جِئْنَا لِنُفْسِدَ فِي الْأَرْضِ

[To sit] on [your] right and [your] left in separate groups?

عَنِ الْيَمِينِ وَعَنِ الشِّمَالِ عِزِينَ

  

جَارٌّ وَ مَجْرُوْرٌ خَبَرٌ is formed with حَرْفُ جَرٍّ and مَجْرُوْرٌ اِسْمٌ next to it. Example:

 

جَرٌّ وَ مَجْرُورٌ خَبَرٌ

مُبْتَدَأٌ

 

علَى اَلْمَكْتَبِ

الْكِتَابُ

The book is on the table.

 

Or if مُبْتَدَأٌ is indefinite, then

 

مُبْتَدَأٌ

جَرٌّ وَ مَجْرُورٌ خَبَرٌ

 

كِتَابٌ

علَى اَلْمَكْتَبِ

A book is on the table.

 

Let us see some more example,

 

مُبْتَدَأٌ

جَارٌّ وَ مَجْرُوْرٌ خَبَرٌ

جَارٌّ وَ مَجْرُوْرٌ خَبَرٌ

مُبْتَدَأٌ

رَجُلٌ

فِي الْمَطْبَخِ

فِي الْمَطْبَخِ

الرَّجُلُ

There is a man in the kitchen

The man is in the kitchen.

حِصَانٌ

فِي الْحَقْلِ

فِي الْحَقْلِ

الْحِصَانُ

There is a horse in the stable

The horse in the stable

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