Vowel sign حَرَكَةٌ  and absence of vowel sign   سَاكِنٌ

In arabic حَرَكَةٌ  or vowels are of 3 types-

ُ	ِ	َ
ضَمَّةٌ dammah	كَسْرَةٌ   kasrah	فَتْحَةٌ  fatha
‘u’ sound, for example, بُ = bu	‘i’ sound, for example,  بِ = bi	‘a’ sound, for example,  بَ = ba

 

If the harkat comes twice then it is called تَنْوِيْنٌ  tanween. As for example:

Two pesh make ‘un’ sound, for example	Two jer make ‘in’ sound, for example	Two jabr make ‘an’ sound, for example
بٌ = bun	بٍ = bin	بً = ban
سٌ = sun	سٍ = sin	سً = san

 

Any letter without harkat is read with  سَاكِنٌ . Example-

فِي=فِيْ	ذَهَبُوا= ذَهَبُوْا	قُم= قُمْ	بَينَ= بَيْنَ	مِن= مِنْ
fi	zahabuu	kwum	baina	min